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''Das häßliche Mädchen'' ("The Ugly Girl", sometimes translated "The Ugly Duckling") is a German comedy film made in early 1933, during the transition from the Weimar Republic to Nazi Germany, and premièred in September that year. It was the first or second film directed by Hermann Kosterlitz, who left Germany before the film was completed and later worked in the United States under the name Henry Koster, and the last German film in which Dolly Haas appeared; she also later emigrated to the US. A riot broke out at the première to protest the male lead, Max Hansen, who was supposedly "too Jewish." The film's representation of the "ugly girl" as outsider has been described as a metaphorical way to explore the outsider existence of Jews. == Background and reception == ''Das häßliche Mädchen'' was filmed at the Avanti Tonfilm studios in Grunewald, Berlin in January–February 1933, the first months of Hitler's term as Reich Chancellor. Between filming and the 8 September première at the Atrium-Theater,〔Sabine Hake, ''Popular Cinema of the Third Reich'', Austin: University of Texas, 2001, ISBN 978-0-292-73458-6, (p. 24 ).〕 the Nazis had begun to define and institute their official policies of anti-Semitism in relation to the cinema. In March, the Propaganda Ministry had been created and Goebbels had declared that German cinema must become a ''völkisch'' art form. In June, the Film Credit Bank had been founded to control the staffing of films through their funding and the Aryan clause had forbidden non-Germans and non-"Aryans", with few exceptions, from participating in the production or distribution of German films.〔Hake, (p. 27 ).〕 In mid-July, the Reich Film Chamber had been formed, with membership required for continued employment in cinema.〔Hake, (p. 28 ).〕〔Mary-Elizabeth O'Brien, ''Nazi Cinema as Enchantment: The Politics of Entertainment in the Third Reich'', Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture, Rochester, New York: Camden House, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57113-283-3, (pp. 6–7 ).〕 Hermann Kosterlitz both directed and co-wrote the script. This was his first〔〔''Tribüne'' 32 (1993) (p. 164 ) 〕 or second〔Hans-Michael Bock and Tim Bergfelder, ''The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema'', Film Europa 1, New York: Berghahn, 2009, ISBN 978-1-57181-655-9, (p. 257 ).〕〔Hans Helmut Prinzler, Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, ''Chronik des deutschen Films, 1895–1994'', Stuttgart: Metzler, 1995, ISBN 978-3-476-01290-6, (p.379 ) 〕〔Heiko R. Blum with Sigrid Schmitt and Katharina Blum, ''Meine zweite Heimat Hollywood: deutschsprachige Filmkünstler in den USA'', Berlin: Henschel, 2001, ISBN 978-3-89487-401-8, (p. 227 ) 〕 time directing. Kosterlitz, who was Jewish, had left Germany months before the premiere, without seeing the final cut. His name was removed from the credits and replaced by an "Aryan" pseudonym, "Hasse Preis".〔Karsten Witte, ''Lachende Erben, toller Tag: Filmkomödie im Dritten Reich'', Berlin: Vorwerk 8, 1995, ISBN 978-3-930916-03-0, (p. 57 ) 〕 He went to Paris in April, then via Budapest and Vienna to Hollywood in 1936.〔 (The other author, Felix Joachimson, would go first to Austria and then also to the US, where he was a successful scriptwriter and producer under the name of Felix Jackson.〔"Three Smart Guys: How a Few Penniless German Émigrés Saved Universal Studios", ''Film History'' 11 (1999) (p. 137 ).〕) The male lead, Max Hansen, was reputed to be part-Jewish and the previous year had performed a comic song implying that Hitler was homosexual; at the opening, in a riot orchestrated by the Nazis, members of the audience attacked him as "too Jewish", shouting "We want German movies! We want German actors!",〔〔Hake, (p. 37 ).〕 and he was pelted with tomatoes.〔Bock and Bergfelder, (p. 178 ).〕〔Bock and Bergfelder, (pp. 180–81 ).〕〔Klaus Kreimeier, ''The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918–1945'', tr. Robert and Rita Kimber, Hill and Wang, 1996, repr. Weimar and Now 23, Berkeley, University of California, 1999, ISBN 978-0-520-22069-0, (p. 234 ).〕 Rotten eggs were thrown at the screen. In the words of the review in ''Film-Kurier'': ()histling was heard from various sides. The applause stopped. The whistling continued. The curtain remained closed because rotten eggs were thrown at the stage. Someone called from the balcony: "We want German movies! We want German actors! We do not need Jewish actors, we have enough German actors! Aren't you ashamed, German women, to applaud Jewish actors? Oust the Jew Max Hansen, who only six months ago sang a couplet about 'Hitler and Little Cohn' in a cabaret!"〔David Stewart Hull, ''Film in the Third Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 1933–1945'', Berkeley: University of California, 1969, (p. 27 ).〕Hansen also soon left Germany, for Vienna and then Denmark. Dolly Haas was an exclusively comedic actress with an androgynous persona〔 well suited to a film about appearance and the performance of identity; there were rumours about her racial heritage, too, but they were squashed with statements that she came "from a good Aryan family".〔 Upset by the treatment of her co-star, she accepted an invitation to work in England in 1934 and left Germany for good in 1936.〔George Grosz and Max Herrmann-Neisse, ed. Klaus Völker, ''"Ist schon das Leben": der Briefwechsel'', Berlin: Transit, 2003, ISBN 978-3-88747-180-4, (p. 142 ) 〕〔Hake, (p. 236, note 25 ).〕〔Witte, (p. 57 ) presents it as an immediate response: "Dolly Haas ging ins Exil nach England unmittelbar nach den Tumulten um die Premiere ihres Films ''Das häßliche Mädchen'', bei der Nazihorden faule Eier auf die Leinwand warfen, weil Haas mit dem als jüdisch angegriffenen Komiker Max Hansen zusammen spielte" - "Dolly Haas went into exile in England immediately after the tumult surrounding the première of her film ''Das häßliche Mädchen'', at which Nazi hordes splattered the screen with rotten eggs because Haas played alongside the comedian Max Hansen, who was under attack as Jewish".〕 The film did receive praise for its humour, and reviews included phrases such as "pleasant", "amusing" and "full of delightful ideas".〔 The ''Film-Kurier'' review noted that there was applause when the film ended, and an ovation for Haas, before she brought out Hansen.〔〔Gerhard Stahr, ''Volksgemeinschaft vor der Leinwand?: der nationalsozialistische Film und sein Publikum'', Berlin: Theissen, 2001, ISBN 978-3-935223-00-3, (p. 144 ) 〕 During this transitional year, Nazi control over the film industry had yet to be consolidated and practices and attitudes varied.〔Hake, (p. 26 ).〕 Otto Wallburg was Jewish and was to die in Auschwitz, but continued to work in films in Germany until 1936 under the exemption for veterans of the First World War; in this film his role was simply characterised in the press as a typically sex- and money-obsessed member of the Berlin ''nouveau riche''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Das häßliche Mädchen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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